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High levels of two proteins at the time of COVID-19 have been found in patients who later experienced cognitive problems, including 'brain fog', how long to take cla to see results giving a major clue as to one cause of their symptoms: blood clots.

Dr Max Taquet and colleagues from the University of Oxford looked at blood tests from 1,837 people who had been hospitalized with COVID-19 to find potential proteins (biomarkers) associated with subsequent cognitive problems, with symptoms including serious and persistent problems with thinking, concentration and memory.

In a new paper published in Nature Medicine, they identified two separate profiles of biomarkers. The first was having a high level of a protein called fibrinogen, and the second was a raised level of a protein fragment called D-dimer. Other aspects of the profiles suggested they are likely to reflect blood clots. The main findings were replicated using electronic health records in a separate population.

Both fibrinogen and D-dimer are involved in blood clotting, and so the results support the hypothesis that blood clots are a cause of post-COVID cognitive problems. Fibrinogen may be directly acting on the brain and its blood vessels, whereas D-dimer often reflects blood clots in the lungs and the problems in the brain might be due to lack of oxygen. In line with this possibility, people who had high levels of D-dimer were not only at a higher risk of brain fog, but also at a higher risk of respiratory problems.

The ultimate goal is to be able to prevent and reverse the cognitive problems seen in some people after COVID-19 infection. Although our results are a significant advance in understanding the basis of these symptoms, more research is needed into the causes and effects before we propose and test interventions."

Dr Max Taquet, University of Oxford

Professor Paul Harrison, from the University of Oxford who supervised the study, said: "Identifying predictors and possible mechanisms is a key step in understanding post-COVID brain fog. This study provides some significant clues."

The participants involved in this research are part of the UKRI-funded PHOSP-COVID (Post-hospitalisation COVID-19) study, led by University of Leicester. Their memory was assessed at six and 12 months after hospitalization using both a formal test and by asking them their own subjective view about their memory.

A participant in the study said: "Since my illness I have been plagued by brain fog, concentration-induced fatigue, poor vocabulary, poor memory. I am unable to process the amount and scale of work that I would previously have done 'stood on my head'."

The study was funded by MQ Mental Health Research and the Wolfson Foundation, and supported by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centres in Leicester and Oxford Health.